Running Timeline of the Manhattan Project

Superfund Research & Beyond

Running Timeline of the Manhattan Project

February 8, 2020 Department of Energy Manhatten Project 0

 
1939

August 2: Albert Einstein signs the letter (Einstein–Szilárd letter), authored by physicist Leó Szilárd and addressed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, advising him to fund research into the possibility of using nuclear fission as a weapon as Nazi Germany may also be conducting such research.

September 3: Great Britain and France declare war on Nazi Germany in response to its invasion of Poland, beginning World War II.

October 11: Economist Alexander Sachs meets with President Roosevelt and delivers the Einstein–Szilárd letter. Roosevelt authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.

October 21: First meeting of the Advisory Committee on Uranium, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards. $6,000 is budgeted for neutron experiments.

1940

March 2: John R. Dunning’s team at Columbia University verifies Niels Bohr’s hypothesis that uranium 235 is responsible for fission by slow neutrons.

March: University of Birmingham-based scientists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls author the Frisch–Peierls memorandum, calculate that an atomic bomb might need as little as 1 pound (0.45 kg) of enriched uranium to work. The memorandum is given to Mark Oliphant, who in turn hands it over to Sir Henry Tizard.

April 10: MAUD Committee established by Tizard to investigate the feasibility of an atomic bomb.

May 21: George Kistiakowsky suggests using gaseous diffusion as a means of isotope separation.

June 12: Roosevelt creates the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) under Vannevar Bush, which absorbs the Uranium Committee.

September 6: Bush tells Briggs that NDRC will provide $40,000 for the uranium project.

1941

February 25: Conclusive discovery of plutonium by Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl at the University of California, Berkeley.[16]

May 17: A report by Arthur Compton and the National Academy of Sciences is issued which finds favorable the prospects of developing nuclear power production for military use.

June 28: Roosevelt creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) under Vannevar Bush with the signing of Executive Order 8807.  OSRD absorbs NDRC and the Uranium Committee. James B. Conant succeeds Bush as the head of NDRC.

July 2: The MAUD Committee chooses James Chadwick to write the second (and final) draft of its report on the design and costs of developing a bomb.

July 15: The MAUD Committee issues final detailed technical report on design and costs to develop a bomb. Advance copy sent to Vannevar Bush who decides to wait for the official version before taking any action.

August: Mark Oliphant travels to USA to urge development of a bomb rather than power production.

September 3: British Chiefs of Staff Committee approve nuclear weapons project.

October 3: Official copy of MAUD Report (written by Chadwick) reaches Bush.

October 9: Bush takes MAUD Report to Roosevelt, who approves Project to confirm MAUD’s findings. Roosevelt asks Bush to draft a letter so that the British government could be approached “at the top.”

December 6: Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, still managed by Arthur Compton. Harold Urey is assigned to develop research into gaseous diffusion as a uranium enrichment method, while Ernest O. Lawrence is assigned to investigate electromagnetic separation methods which resulted in the invention of Calutron.[25][26] Compton puts the case for plutonium before Bush and Conant.

December 7: The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor. The United States and Great Britain issue a formal declaration of war against Japan the next day.

December 11: The same day after Germany and Italy declares war on the United States, the United States declares war on Germany and Italy.

December 18: First meeting of the OSRD sponsored S-1 Section, dedicated to developing nuclear weapons.

1942

January 19: Roosevelt formally authorizes the atomic bomb project.

January 24: Compton decides to centralize plutonium work at the University of Chicago.

June 19: S-1 Executive Committee is formed, consisting of Bush, Conant, Compton, Lawrence and Urey.

June 25: S-1 Executive Committee selects Stone & Webster as the primary contractor for construction at the Tennessee site.

July–September: Physicist Robert Oppenheimer convenes a summer conference at the University of California, Berkeley to discuss the design of a fission bomb. Edward Teller brings up the possibility of a hydrogen bomb as a major point of discussion.

July 30: Sir John Anderson urges Prime Minister Winston Churchill to pursue a joint project with the United States.

August 13: The Manhattan Engineering District with James C. Marshall as District Engineer is established by the Chief of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Major General Eugene Reybold, effective August 16.

September 17: Major General Wilhelm D. Styer and Reybold order Colonel Leslie Groves to take over the project.

September 23: Groves is promoted to brigadier general, and becomes director of the project. The Military Policy Committee, consisting of Bush (with Conant as his alternative), Styer and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell is created to oversee the project.

September 29: Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson authorizes the Corps of Engineers to acquire 56,000 acres (23,000 ha) in Tennessee for Site X, which will become the Oak Ridge, Tennessee, laboratory and production site.

September 26: The Manhattan Project is given permission to use the highest wartime priority rating by the War Production Board.

October 19: Groves appoints Oppenheimer to coordinate the scientific research of the project at the Site Y laboratory.

November 16: Groves and Oppenheimer visit Los Alamos, New Mexico and designate it as the location for Site Y.

December 2: Chicago Pile-1, the first nuclear reactor goes critical at the University of Chicago under the leadership and design of Enrico Fermi, achieving a self-sustaining reaction just one month after construction was started.

1943

January 16: Groves approves the development of the Hanford Site.

February 9: Patterson approves thee acquisition of 400,000 acres (160,000 ha) at Hanford.

February 18: Construction begins for Y-12, a massive electromagnetic separation plant for enriching uranium at Oak Ridge.

April 1: Los Alamos laboratory is established.

April 5–14: Robert Serber delivers introductory lectures at Los Alamos, later are compiled into The Los Alamos Primer.

April 20: The University of California becomes the formal business manager of the Los Alamos laboratory.

Mid-1943: The S-1 Committee was eliminated by mid-1943, as it had been superseded by the Military Policy Committee.

June 2: Construction begins of K-25, the gaseous diffusion plant.

July: The president proclaims Los Alamos, Clinton Engineer Works (CEW) and Hanford Engineer Works (HEW) as military districts. The Governor of Tennessee Prentice Cooper was officially handed the proclamation making Oak Ridge a military district not subject to state control by a junior officer (a lieutenant) he tore it up and refused to see the MED District Engineer Lt-Col James C. Marshall. The new District Engineer Kenneth Nichols had to placate him.

July 10: First sample of plutonium arrives at Los Alamos.

August 13: First drop test of gun-type fission weapon at Dahlgren Proving Ground under the direction of Norman F. Ramsey.

August 13: Kenneth Nichols replaces Marshall as head of the Manhattan Engineer District.  One of his first tasks as district engineer is to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge, although its name did not change.

August 19: Roosevelt and Churchill sign Quebec Agreement.

September 8: First meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, established by the Quebec Agreement to coordinate the efforts of the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. United States Secretary of War Henry Stimson, Bush and Conant are the American members; Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J. J. Llewellin are the British members, and C. D. Howe is the Canadian member.

October 10: Construction begins for the first reactor at the Hanford Site.

November 4: X-10 Graphite Reactor goes critical at Oak Ridge.

December 3: The British Mission, 15 scientists including Rudolf Peierls, Franz Simon and Klaus Fuchs, arrives at Newport News, Virginia.
1944

January 11: A special group of the Theoretical Division is created at Los Alamos under Edward Teller to study implosion.

March 11: Beta calutrons commence operation at Oak Ridge.

April 5: At Los Alamos, Emilio Segrè receives the first sample of reactor-bred plutonium from Oak Ridge, and within ten days discovers that the spontaneous fission rate is too high for use in a gun-type fission weapon (because of Pu-240 isotope present as an impurity in the Pu-239).

May 9: The world’s third reactor, LOPO, the first aqueous homogeneous reactor, and the first fueled by enriched uranium, goes critical at Los Alamos.

July 4: Oppenheimer reveals Segrè’s final measurements to the Los Alamos staff, and the development of the gun-type plutonium weapon “Thin Man” is abandoned. Designing a workable implosion design (Fat Man) becomes the top priority of the laboratory, and design of the uranium gun-type weapon (Little Boy) continued.

July 20: The Los Alamos organizational structure is completely changed to reflect the new priority.

September 2: Two chemists are killed, and Arnold Kramish almost killed, after being sprayed with highly corrosive hydrofluoric acid while attempting to unclog a uranium enrichment device which is part of the pilot thermal diffusion plant at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.

September 22: First RaLa test with a radioactive source performed at Los Alamos.

September 26: The largest nuclear reactor, the B reactor, goes critical at the Hanford Site.

Late November: Samuel Goudsmit, scientific head of the Alsos Mission, concludes, based on papers recovered in Strasbourg, that the Germans did not make substantial progress towards an atomic bomb or nuclear reactor, and that the programs were not even considered high priority.

December 14: Definite evidence of achievable compression obtained in a RaLa test.

December 17: 509th Composite Group formed under Colonel Paul W. Tibbets to deliver the bomb.

1945

January: Brigadier General Thomas Farrell is named Groves’ deputy.

January 7: First RaLa test using exploding-bridgewire detonators.

January 20: First stages of K-25 are charged with uranium hexafluoride gas.

February 2: First Hanford plutonium arrives at Los Alamos.

April 22: Alsos Mission captures German experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch.

April 27: First meeting of the Target Committee.

May 7: Nazi Germany formally surrenders to Allied powers, marking the end of World War II in Europe;[79] 100-ton test explosion at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

May 10: Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos.

May 28: Third meeting which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped: Kokura, Hiroshima, Niigata and Kyoto.

May 30: Stimson drops Kyoto from the target list.

June 11: Metallurgical Laboratory scientists under James Franck issue the Franck Report arguing for a demonstration of the bomb before using it against civilian targets.

July 16: the first nuclear explosion, the Trinity nuclear test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as the gadget at Alamogordo;[82] USS Indianapolis sails for Tinian with nuclear components on board.

July 19: Oppenheimer recommends to Groves that gun-type design be abandoned and the uranium-235 used to make composite cores.

July 24: President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons. Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage.

July 25: General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3.

July 26: Potsdam Declaration is issued, threatening Japan with “prompt and utter destruction”.

August 6: B-29 Enola Gay drops Little Boy, a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, on the city of Hiroshima, the primary target.

August 9: B-29 Bockscar drops a Fat Man implosion-type plutonium weapon on the city of Nagasaki, the secondary target, as the primary, Kokura, is obscured by cloud and smoke.

August 12: The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs.

August 14: Surrender of Japan to the Allied powers.

August 21: Harry Daghlian, a physicist, receives a fatal dose (510 rems) of radiation from a criticality accident when he accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a plutonium bomb core. He dies on September 15.

September 4: Manhattan District orders shutdown of S-50 liquid thermal diffusion plant and the Y-12 Alpha plant.

September 8: Manhattan Project survey group under Farrell arrives in Nagasaki.

September 17: Survey group under Colonel Stafford L. Warren arrives in Nagasaki.

September 22: Last Y-12 alpha track ceases operating.

October 16: Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury the next day.

1946

February: News of the Russian spy ring in Canada exposed by defector Igor Gouzenko is made public, creating a mild “atomic spy” hysteria, pushing American Congressional discussions about postwar atomic regulation in a more conservative direction.[96]

May 21: Physicist Louis Slotin receives a fatal dose of radiation (2100 rems) when the screwdriver he was using to keep two beryllium hemispheres apart slips.

July 1: Able test at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads.[98]

July 25: Underwater Baker test at Bikini.[98]

August 1: Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 into law, ending almost a year of uncertainty about the control of atomic research in the postwar United States.[99]

1947

January 1: the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (known as the McMahon Act) takes effect, and the Manhattan Project is officially turned over to the United States Atomic Energy Commission.

August 15: Manhattan District is abolished.